Tuesday, 30 April 2019 UK Education News
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Inequality will remain entrenched in the UK "from birth to work" unless the government takes urgent action, the Social Mobility Commission has warned.
Its State of the Nation report said the situation had remained "virtually stagnant" since 2014.
It is calling on ministers to provide additional funding for older teenagers in education and to extend free childcare to more low income families.
The government said it would take the recommendations seriously.
The findings will come as a setback to Theresa May who promised to tackle the "burning injustice" of social inequality when she entered Downing Street in 2016.
However, the following year all of the commissioners on the Social Mobility Commission - set up in 2010 to monitor and promote social mobility - resigned, saying the government was too focused on Brexit to deal with creating a fairer Britain.
Dame Martina Milburn, who has since been appointed as the new chairwoman, said she sensed there was now "a real commitment" from the government.
However, she said the biggest concern was not stagnation but that the problem might actually get worse.
"There's still a big shift - if you want to be socially mobile - towards London," she told BBC Radio Four's Today programme.
"I think you're three times more likely to move to London if you're from a professional background than if you're from a working class background."
Education Secretary Damian Hinds said he welcomed the "thorough" report - the first since the new commissioners were appointed - but stopped short of saying the government would adopt all of its recommendations.
He told the Today programme that social mobility was "a very difficult thing to move" but he was now focused on improving prospects for the generation currently coming through school.
Dame Martina said the report recommends:
The report found those from better-off backgrounds were almost 80% more likely to be in a professional job than their working class peers.
It said the proportion of people from professional backgrounds who were in professional jobs was 60% last year.
In contrast, only 34% of those from working class backgrounds had professional jobs last year. And both figures had changed only slightly over the past four years.
"Being born privileged means you are likely to remain privileged," said Dame Martina, who is also chief executive of the Prince's Trust.
"But being born disadvantaged means you may have to overcome a series of barriers to ensure you and your children are not stuck in the same trap."
The commission said an increasing number of students from low-income families were entering university by the age of 19. That proportion has now reached 26%, compared with 43% of better-off peers.
But five years after graduating, those graduates who had been on free school meals at school were in jobs that earned 11.5% less than other graduates, the report said.
Career progression and better-paid work is more likely if people move regions - particularly if they go to London, the data shows.
Too often provincial towns and cities don't have the employment infrastructure to ensure career progression, notably in professions like law and accountancy.
Those from wealthier backgrounds are more likely to be able to make that kind of move, with the resources and support to grab opportunities wherever they may be.
Poorer people often struggle to afford to leave their home region.
Some believe devolving power and prestige to local government and combined authorities is the way to ensure a more even spread of growth and new jobs - and make the country less reliant on London.
In England, the Northern Powerhouse and Midlands Engine are initiatives to achieve just that within the wider industrial strategy.
But there are concerns that not enough resources are available to achieve significant structural change.
The report found barriers to getting a top job were there from the start - about a half (52%) of disadvantaged teenagers leave school without basic qualifications and many get stuck in low-paid work.
Adult education could help to redress that, said the report, but almost all forms of adult education have been in decline since 2010.
One route to a better-paid job was to move to another part of the country but those from professional backgrounds were more likely to make such a move, the report said.
There were also longer-term concerns that divisions could worsen as low-paid and low-skilled jobs were more likely to become automated in the future.
The education secretary said employment had risen in every UK region under this government, wages were outstripping inflation, the gap between disadvantaged pupils and their peers has narrowed and the proportion of 16 and 17-year-olds in education or apprenticeships was at its highest ever.
Dr John Goldthorpe, from the University of Oxford, said social mobility can be both upward and downward - and the rate of downward mobility is rising.
He explained that from the 1950s to 1980s, the number of professional and managerial jobs increased - meaning there was "more room at the top" for people to move up into. But from the 1990s, the rate of growth in professional jobs has slowed - so there is less room at the top and more competition for those jobs.
"For young people today, the objective chances of upward mobility are less than they were for their parents or grandparents," said Dr Goldthorpe, who co-wrote the book Social Mobility and Education in Britain.
